[20] the college board states that the sat is intended to measure literacy, numeracy and writing skills that are needed for academic success in college. a total score for the sat is calculated by adding the two section scores, resulting in total scores that range from 400 to 1600. in addition to the two section scores, three “test” scores on a scale of 10 to 40 are reported, one for each of reading, writing and language, and math, with increment of 1 for reading / writing and language, and 0.5 for math. [11] the reading test of the sat contains one section of 52 questions and a time limit of 65 minutes. [48] research was conducted by the college board to study the effect of calculator use on sat i: reasoning test math scores. [57] in addition, students receive two percentile scores, each of which is defined by the college board as the percentage of students in a comparison group with equal or lower test scores. for example, for the school year 2019–2020, the sat user percentile was based on the test scores of students in the graduating classes of 2018 and 2019 who took the sat (specifically, the 2016 revision) during high school. [71] public misunderstanding of how to prepare for the sat continues to be exploited by the preparation industry. [95][96] furthermore, an admissions officer who failed to take average sat scores into account would risk overestimating the future performance of a student from a low-scoring school and underestimating that of a student from a high-scoring school. [105] in an article from 2012, educational psychologist jonathan wai argued that the sat was too easy to be useful to the most competitive of colleges and universities, whose applicants typically had brilliant high-school gpas and standardized test scores. they found that the correlation of sat results with scores on the raven’s advanced progressive matrices was .483, they estimated that this correlation would have been about 0.72 were it not for the restriction of ability range in the sample. [121] in their place are questions that provide more contextual information should the students be ignorant of the relevant definition of a word, making it easier for them to guess the correct answer. the university of california system required both the sat i and the sat ii from applicants to the uc system during the four academic years of the study. [95] according to the college board, in 2019, 56% of the test takers had parents with a university degree, 27% parents with no more than a high-school diploma, and about 9% who did not graduate from high school. [140][144] although aspects of testing such as stereotype are a concern, research on the predictive validity of the sat has demonstrated that it tends to be a more accurate predictor of female gpa in university as compared to male gpa. according to haier and benbow, this is evidence for the structural differences of the brain between the sexes.
however, the predictive validity of the sat has been shown to depend on the dominant ethnic and racial composition of the college. however, they cautioned against the use of sat verbal scores to track the decline for while the college board reported that sat verbal scores had been decreasing, these scores were an imperfect measure of the vocabulary level of the nation as a whole because the test-taking demographic has changed and because more students took the sat in the 2010s than in the 1970s, meaning there were more with limited ability who took it. [14] a growing body of research indicates that sat scores can predict individual success decades into the future, for example in terms of income and occupational achievements. [178] in the 1960s and 1970s there was a movement to drop achievement scores. [32] on one hand, making the sat and the act optional for admissions enables schools to attract a larger pool of applicants of a variety of socioeconomic backgrounds. [185] on the other hand, the number of students applying to the more competitive of schools that had made sat and act scores optional increased dramatically because the students thought they stood a chance. “[196] in 1934, james conant and henry chauncey used the sat as a means to identify recipients for scholarships to harvard university. [197] it has been argued that the interest of the ets in expanding the sat in order to support its operations aligned with the desire of public college and university faculties to have smaller, diversified, and more academic student bodies as a means to increase research activities. [197] in 1928, the number of sections on the sat was reduced to seven, and the time limit was increased to slightly under two hours. [207] in order to make cross-year score comparisons possible, in april 1941 the sat verbal section was scaled to a mean of 500, and a standard deviation of 100, and the june 1941 sat verbal section was equated (linked) to the april 1941 test. the average scores on the 1994 modification of the sat i were similar: 428 on the verbal and 482 on the math. these problems, among others, suggested that the original score scale and its reference group of about 10,000 students taking the sat in 1941 needed to be replaced. [119] in march 2006, it was announced that a small percentage of the sats taken in october 2005 had been scored incorrectly due to the test papers being moist and not scanning properly and that some students had received erroneous scores. the changes were made in response to a series of cheating incidents, primarily at high schools in long island, new york, in which high-scoring test takers were using fake photo ids to take the sat for other students. “[250] the new sat debuted in march 1994, and was referred to as the scholastic assessment test by major news organizations. [255][256] on august 25, 2018, the sat test given in america was discovered to be a recycled october 2017 international sat test given in china.
the tests measure verbal and mathematical abilities and achievement in a variety of subject areas. over 2,000 colleges and universities use the test scores as part of the college admissions process. the two major components of the test are sat i: reasoning test, and sat ii: subject tests (formerly called achievement tests ). for both the verbal and mathematical components, two sections take 30 minutes, and the third takes only 15. this brings the total test time to 2.5 hours. the mathematical reasoning sections consist of multiple-choice questions covering arithmetic, algebra, and geometry; quantitative comparison (which are also multiple choice); and a section of problems requiring students to calculate their own answers (multiple-choice answers are not provided).
sat ii includes a variety of tests in subjects such as english, foreign languages, math, history and social studies, psychology, and the sciences. scores are reported about six weeks after the test date to students and their high schools, and to the colleges of their choice. the widespread use of test preparation courses and services for the sat has also generated controversy, with detractors arguing that the test is unfair to economically disadvantaged students, who have limited access to coaching. gale encyclopedia of psychology. gale encyclopedia of psychology. retrieved february 28, 2022 from encyclopedia.com: /medicine/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/scholastic-assessment-test encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the modern language association (mla), the chicago manual of style, and the american psychological association (apa).
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